Curtis LeMay Biography 10

The bomber crews were accepting deadly risks on every mission, with no more protection than they could provide for themselves.
- no more A than B #COMPARISON
- 폭격기 승무원들은 매 임무마다 치명적인 위험을 무릅쓴다 / 그들이 스스로에게 제공할 수 있는 것보다 더 많은 보호는 받지 못한 채로 [=스스로 보호하는 것 이외에 아무 보호 장치 없음]
 
 
[Hunter 자리는 대체됨: Maj. Gen. William Kepner, an able fighter expert with a more aggressive style.]
[미군은 프랑스나 다른 국가가 아니라 독일에 직접 폭격 시작했으므로 독일도 더 많이 신경 쓰고 대응함]
[1943년 처음 6개월간 B-17이 독일 본토 들어가서 싸우면서부터 폭격기 승무원 사망자는 6.6%, 부상자는 35.5%]
 
Almost the entire route, from England to landfall near Bordeaus, was flown over water at low altitude, to avoid radar detection, and through an overcast at sea that made drift readings impossible. Despite all this, the bombers did find and attack the target, which seemed to indicate that the extra training was beginning to pay off.
- landfall: 항해, 항공 비행 중 육지를 처음 마주치는 지점
- drift reading:  항공 항법에서 기류(풍향과 풍속)에 의한 항공기의 실제 진행 방향과 계획된 항로의 차이(드리프트)를 측정하는 것. 문맥상 바다 위에 구름이 짙어, 지면이나 수면을 시각적으로 확인할 수 없었고, 드리프트 계산 불가능했다.
 
On July 14, France’s most important national holiday, the Fourth Wing was sent back to Le Bourget. This time, the B-17s at least dropped their loads.
 
This attack on Norway was not only the largest ever staged by the Eighth Air Force up to that time, it was also the beginning of an unprecedented and unforgettable seven-day, six-mission campaign that came to be known as “Blitz Week.” Aside from the first mission, all were against targets in Germany. And LeMay’s Third Division took part in each of them.
 
Several of Germany’s best fighter squadrons had been transferred back to the homeland from the Eastern Front to meet the growing threat of the American bombers. Fortress crews would see all too much of these squadrons in the days to come.
- fortress 승무원들은 이렇게 잘 훈련된 독일군 정예 조종수들을 앞으로 더 보게 될 것이었다.
*B-17=fortress
 
Above twenty thousand feet, ice would form in the masks they wore, causing oxygen stoppage which might not be apparent to the victim until he was too weak to do anything about it.
- stoppage: 멈춤, 중단, 차단
 
On every mission, despite the heavy, sheeplike-lined flight suits the men wore, several would suffer frostbite, in many cases so severe as to necessitate amputation.
- frostbite: 동상
- amputation: 절단. 특히 의학적으로 신체의 일부 잘라내는 행위.
 
The fuselage was only eight feet across at its widest point, and much of it was taken up by the bomb bay. If an infantry soldier can’t stand what’s happening around him at the front, he can, at least, run for the rear, accepting a court martial in preference to the carnage. But in a bomber under attack there is no place to run. At the end of the Eighth Air Force’s Blitz Week, 80 percent of the flight surgeons reported “undue fatigue” among the men they had examined. What “under fatigue” meant was fear. And it was a very rare man who didn’t feel it.
Curtis LeMay himself flew on none of the Blitz Week missions because Fred Anderson had emphatically forbidden him to do so.
- fuselage: 항공기의 동체. 날개와 꼬리 부분을 제외한 본체로, 여객기라면 승객이 타는 객실이 포함되고, 폭격기라면 조종실, 폭탄 창, 무전기실 등이다. 여기서는 동체 폭이 가장 넓은 지점에서 8피트(약 2.4m) 였다.
- bomb bay: 폭탄창
- carnage: 대학살, 참혹한 죽음. ‘참극.’
- 참혹한 대학살의 현장(전쟁터) 대신 군사재판을 받게 됨
- in preference to-: -보다 더 선호해서, -대신에
- emphatically: 단호하게, 강하게, 명확하게
- undue: 지나친
 

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[chapter 6]
 
It was an unusual trip. The Eighth Air Force commander sometimes came on inspection trips, but not very often did he simply drop in on a division or wing commander. (78)
- #INVERSION
- inspection trip: 부대를 시찰하거나 점검하러 오는 방문
- drop in on: 예고 없이 들르다, 갑자기 방문하다
 
What the Eighth Air Force was planning, therefore, in conjunction with the Fifteenth Air Force commanded by Gen. Carl Spaatz in Africa, was a massive two-pronged attack against Germany’s most important fighter factories. (78)
- a massive two-pronged attack: 거대한 양면작전
 
It was to feature an intriguing experiment. (79)
- 그것은 ~을 특징으로 할 예정이었다. 그것은 ~을 포함하게 되어 있었다.
- e.g. an intriguing experiment: 흥미로운 실험
 
When LeMay arrived in Africa and briefed Norstad on the needs of the projected mission, Norstad said, “Telergma [about sixty miles inland from Tunis] is your field. It’s both a depot and a combat field.
- projected: 예상된, 계획된, 예정된
 
For this reason, and because of weather uncertainty, official teletypes announcing missions would sometimes arrive so late that group and division commanders would become furious at Eighth Air Force headquarters.
- teletype: 전신 타자기(teleprinter)의 전신 인쇄기. 먼 거리에서 타자기로 문서를 송수신할 수 있는 장비이다. 지금의 팩스+이메일+문자 기능을 가진 초기 통신 장비다.

 
He was so suspicious of it[weather] he ordered all the crew to concentrate their practice on instrument takeoffs. The procedure was hardly as sophisticated as it would be today, but it was the best that could be devised at the time.
“When ceiling and horizontal visibility were O.K.,” as LeMay explained it, “I’d make our pilots take off on instruments—get the seat down and take off completely on instruments. Over in the right-hand seat the copilot would be ready to operate visually. If something went wrong, he could take over, and that would save the airplane and crew. But in the meantime, our pilot was training for an instrument takeoff in case he had to do that when the big day came. We held to this procedure all through the rest of the war.”
- instrument takeoff: 계기 비행 이륙. 항공기 내부의 계기(instruments)에만 의존하는 이륙 방식으로 조종사가 시야를 보고 판단하지 않고 계기판에 근거해 이륙을 하는 것이다. 시야가 나쁜 날에 기체의 자세, 고도, 속도, 방향 등을 계기를 통해 조종하는 기술이다.
 
 
[In a letter to Helen] “It seems to Janie is rather young for boy friends but I suppose she is taking after her mother.” 엄마를 닮았나 봐.
 
That day he sent his heavy bombers (including three B-24 groups) alone against the FW-190 plant at Wiener Neustadt, thus scrapping the two-pronged mission as it had been originally planned.
- scrapping: 폐기하다, 취소하다, 버리다
- two-pronged mission: prong은 본래 포크의 이빨처럼 뾰족하게 나뉜 갈래를 뜻한다. 군사적으로는 두 방향에서 공격하는 양면 작전을 의미함.
 
If LeMay felt any uneasiness or resentment at being placed in the dangerous role of a decoy to attract German fighter planes, there is no record of it.
- decoy: 유인용 새, 바람잡이, 유인, 미끼
 
On August 16, he sent sixty-six planes against skimpily defended targets in France at Merville and Vendeville.
- skimpily: 적은 (a skimpy meal: 양이 적은 식사)
 
Having thus set the stage, LeMay found himself with time on his hands that afternoon. His division was so fully organized by this time, and the duties of preparation so fully delegated, there wasn’t much for him to do. As it happened, a young communications officer from Bomber Command, Edward D. Gray, had just arrived at Elveden Hall with an appointment to discuss a proposed experiment using a new, secret radar device. (81-82)
- with time on one's hands: 할 일이 없이 시간이 남는 상태
- delegate: 위임하다. 그러니까, 준비 업무들(the duties of preparation)이 모두 위임이 완전히 되어 있어서 르메이가 할 일이 별로 없었다.
- as it happened: 마침, 공교롭게도, 우연히도
 
LeMay said very little, but when he spoke it was usually to ask what Gray considered “sharply pertinent” questions about the gadget.
- pertinent: 적절한, 관련이 있는
“Now then,” he[LeMay] said to Gray, “don’t you think it might be better to use a two-group combat wing with each group sixty percent equipped with your gadget rather than a three-group wing with one strongly equipped group unbalancing the other two?” (82)
- 2개의 편대가 각각 60%정도 너의 새로운 기계를 장착하는 것 vs. 3개의 편대가 있는데 1개가 다른 2개 편대보다 우세하게 너의 새로운 기계 장착하는 것 –이 중 전자가 낫지 않느냐?
- #COMPARISON
 
When the zero hour for takeoff approached, however, the low clouds had further descended to become thick fog.
- zero hour: 군사용어로 작전 개시 시간이며, 민간에서도 의미가 확장되어 어떤 중요한 일이 공식적으로 시작되는 순간이라는 의미이다.
 
LeMay’s pilots weren’t skillful enough to take off safely in that soup. Finally, Fred Anderson at Bomber Command had to move up the Third Division zero hour one hour, then an hour-and-a-half.
- soup: 여기서는 thick fog를 비유한 표현, 속된 표현으로 짙은 안개나 시야가 거의 안보이는 것을 뜻한다. 걸쭉한 수프 속에 들어앉은 것처럼 앞이 보이지 않는 상태를 비유한다.
- the Third Division zero hour: 복합명사로 쓰였다. 제3항공사단의 작전 시간을 한 시간 move up미룬 것이며, 그리고 나서 “then (by) an hour-and-a-half” 1시간 반까지 미룬 것이다. 전치사 by가 생략된 구문이다.
- move up: 시간표에서 up이라는 표현은 맥락에 따라 앞당기거나 늦추다는 의미 둘 다로 사용이 가능한데, 여기서는 ‘연기했다’는 의미로 쓰였다. 뒤로 미룬 것. 제3사단의 이륙 예정 시간인 zero hour를 1시간 연기했다가, 1시간 30분을 더 연기한 것이다.
 
After almost an hour, LeMay decided that if his planes were preceded and guided by ground-crew men with flashlights, they ought to be able to taxi safely and find their way to the end of the runway. Was he therefore cleared for takeoff? Fred Anderson at Bomber Command said yes, he could go. (83)
- you are cleared for takeoff: 이륙 허가 합니다.